Risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease in adults.

An observational study of a single health center in Nicaragua.

Abstract

Introduction: The incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide due to the aging population, early diagnosis, and the increase in its risk factors. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with CKD in adults from a health center in Santa Teresa—Carazo (Municipality of Nicaragua).

Methods: This case-control study was conducted from November 2017 to November 2019, with a probabilistic sample of consecutive sampling for cases and random sampling for controls. The dependent variable (CKD) and the independent sociodemographic variables, family history of CKD, comorbidity, smoking, and use of NSAIDs and PPIs were analyzed. Chi-square (X2) and odds ratio were applied, and a significant association was considered if P < 0.05.

Results: 153 participants were included, 51 cases and 102 controls. Risk factors were: age > 60 years (OR 6.65), male sex (OR 4.98), rural origin (OR 1.80), illiteracy (OR 2.46), agricultural occupation (OR 6.73), obesity (OR 2.08), hypertension (OR 8.19), diabetes mellitus (OR 4.85), dyslipidemia (OR 1.23), cardiovascular disease (OR 4.40), and the use of NSAIDs (OR 2.87) and PPIs (OR 4.17).

Conclusions: CKD risk factors were components of poverty, such as illiteracy. Possible exposure to nephrotoxins is more common in farmers, so they have a significant risk, as well as patients who chronically take NSAIDs and proton pump inhibitors.